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	<title>Guideline &#8211; mikrobik.net</title>
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		<title>ACG Clinical Guideline: Evaluation of Abnormal Liver Chemistries</title>
		<link>https://wp.mikrobik.net/acg-clinical-guideline-evaluation-of-abnormal-liver-chemistries/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[mikrobik]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 06 May 2025 14:46:00 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Biyokimya Rehberleri]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Guideline]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[liver]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[ACG Clinical Guideline: Evaluation of Abnormal Liver Chemistries Kwo, Paul Y et al. The American journal of gastroenterology vol. 112,1 (2017): 18-35. Clinicians are required to assess abnormal liver chemistries on a daily...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><span style="color:#5C3566;">ACG Clinical Guideline: Evaluation of Abnormal Liver Chemistries</span></strong><br />
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2016.517" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kwo, Paul Y et al. The American journal of gastroenterology vol. 112,1 (2017): 18-35.</a></p>
<p>Clinicians are required to assess abnormal liver chemistries on a daily basis. The most common liver chemistries ordered are serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin. These tests should be termed liver chemistries or liver tests. Hepatocellular injury is defined as disproportionate elevation of AST and ALT levels compared with alkaline phosphatase levels. Cholestatic injury is defined as disproportionate elevation of alkaline phosphatase level as compared with AST and ALT levels. The majority of bilirubin circulates as unconjugated bilirubin and an elevated conjugated bilirubin implies hepatocellular disease or cholestasis. Multiple studies have demonstrated that the presence of an elevated ALT has been associated with increased liver-related mortality. A true healthy normal ALT level ranges from 29 to 33 IU/l for males, 19 to 25 IU/l for females and levels above this should be assessed. The degree of elevation of ALT and or AST in the clinical setting helps guide the evaluation. The evaluation of hepatocellular injury includes testing for viral hepatitis A, B, and C, assessment for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease, screening for hereditary hemochromatosis, autoimmune hepatitis, Wilson&#8217;s disease, and alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. In addition, a history of prescribed and over-the-counter medicines should be sought. For the evaluation of an alkaline phosphatase elevation determined to be of hepatic origin, testing for primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis should be undertaken. Total bilirubin elevation can occur in either cholestatic or hepatocellular diseases. Elevated total serum bilirubin levels should be fractionated to direct and indirect bilirubin fractions and an elevated serum conjugated bilirubin implies hepatocellular disease or biliary obstruction in most settings. A liver biopsy may be considered when serologic testing and imaging fails to elucidate a diagnosis, to stage a condition, or when multiple diagnoses are possible.</p>
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		<title>KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease</title>
		<link>https://wp.mikrobik.net/kdigo-2024-clinical-practice-guideline-for-the-evaluation-and-management-of-chronic-kidney-disease/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[mikrobik]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 25 Jun 2024 11:48:00 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Biyokimya Rehberleri]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Guideline]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[KDIGO]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[kidney]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease Tam metin için tıklayınız Definition and classification of CKD Defining CKD. CKD is defined as abnormalities of kidney structure...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease</strong></p>
<p>Tam metin için <a href="https://www.kidney-international.org/action/showPdf?pii=S0085-2538%2823%2900766-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">tıklayınız</a></p>
<p>Definition and classification of CKD Defining CKD. CKD is defined as abnormalities of kidney structure or function, present for a minimum of 3 months, with implications for health (Table 1).1 Classifying CKD. CKD is classified based on Cause, GFR category (G1–G5), and Albuminuria category (A1–A3), abbreviated as CGA.<br />
1 These 3 components of the classification system are each critical in the assessment of people with CKD and help enable determination of severity and risk. Listed below are reference tables describing each component. Note that while the definition of CKD includes many different markers of kidney damage and is not confined to decreased GFR and albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) >30 mg/g [>3 mg/mmol], the classification system is based on the 2 dimensions of GFR and degree of albuminuria (Tables 2 and 3). This nuance is often missed by healthcare providers and students.<br />
It is well established that patient advocates with CKD and healthcare providers prefer the more clinically useful and generally understood assessment of GFR resulting from the use of GFR estimating equations compared with serum creatinine (SCr) alone. Globally, although still not universally available in all countries, SCr is measured routinely and the approach to assessment of GFR is therefore to use SCr and an estimating equation for initial assessment of GFR. The approach to evaluation of GFR using initial and supportive tests is described in greater detail in Chapter 1.<br />
Etiology of CKD should be sought, and there are numerous systems for grouping various etiologies, some of which are evolving with new knowledge and diagnostic tools.<br />
There are congenital and genetic causes of CKD, some associated with systemic diseases, and others that are primary. It is beyond our remit to suggest a specific approach, but we highlight the importance of establishing a cause to individualize management of CKD.</p>
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		<title>The COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel&#8217;s Statement on the Role of Bebtelovimab for the Treatment of High-Risk, Nonhospitalized Patients With Mild to Moderate COVID-19</title>
		<link>https://wp.mikrobik.net/the-covid-19-treatment-guidelines-panels-statement-on-the-role-of-bebtelovimab-for-the-treatment-of-high-risk-nonhospitalized-patients-with-mild-to-moderate-covid-19/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[mikrobik]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 08 Mar 2022 09:22:00 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Covid-19]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[covid-19]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Guideline]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[The COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel&#8217;s Statement on the Role of Bebtelovimab for the Treatment of High-Risk, Nonhospitalized Patients With Mild to Moderate COVID-19 Last Updated: March 2, 2022 Güncellenen NIH rehberi Tam metin...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><span style="color:#5C3566;">The COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel&#8217;s Statement on the Role of Bebtelovimab for the Treatment of High-Risk, Nonhospitalized Patients With Mild to Moderate COVID-19</span></strong><br />
Last Updated: March 2, 2022</p>
<p>Güncellenen NIH rehberi Tam metin için <a href="https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/therapies/statement-on-bebtelovimab/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">tıklayınız</a></p>
<p>On February 11, 2022, the Food and Drug Administration issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) bebtelovimab for the treatment of nonhospitalized patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 who are at high risk of progressing to severe disease.1 Bebtelovimab is a recombinant neutralizing human mAb that binds to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Based on in vitro data, bebtelovimab is expected to have activity against a broad range of SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant of concern (VOC) and its BA.1 and BA.2 subvariants.2,3</p>
<p>Purpose of This Statement<br />
The COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel (the Panel) previously provided recommendations for 4 drugs with activities against the Omicron VOC (ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir [Paxlovid], sotrovimab, remdesivir, and molnupiravir) that can be used as treatment for nonhospitalized patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 who are at high risk of progressing to severe disease (see Therapeutic Management of Nonhospitalized Adults With COVID-19 for more information). The purpose of this statement is to provide clinicians with guidance on the role of bebtelovimab as an additional treatment option for this patient population.</p>
<p>Recommendations<br />
Preferred Therapies<br />
For nonhospitalized patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 who are at high risk of progressing to severe disease, the Panel recommends using 1 of the following therapies (listed in order of preference):</p>
<p>Nirmatrelvir 300 mg with ritonavir 100 mg (Paxlovid) orally twice daily for 5 days, initiated as soon as possible and within 5 days of symptom onset in those aged ≥12 years and weighing ≥40 kg (AIIa).<br />
Sotrovimab 500 mg as a single intravenous (IV) infusion, administered as soon as possible and within 7 days of symptom onset in those aged ≥12 years and weighing ≥40 kg (AIIa).<br />
Remdesivir 200 mg IV on Day 1, followed by remdesivir 100 mg IV once daily on Days 2 and 3, initiated as soon as possible and within 7 days of symptom onset in those aged ≥12 years and weighing ≥40 kg (BIIa).</p>
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		<title>Guidance for infection prevention and control in healthcare settings</title>
		<link>https://wp.mikrobik.net/guidance-for-infection-prevention-and-control-in-healthcare-settings/</link>
					<comments>https://wp.mikrobik.net/guidance-for-infection-prevention-and-control-in-healthcare-settings/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[mikrobik]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 15 Mar 2020 12:23:43 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Mikrobiyoloji Rehberleri]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Guideline]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[infection prevention]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Guidance for infection prevention and control in healthcare settings Tam metin için tıklayınız]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Guidance for infection prevention and control in healthcare settings</p>
<p>Tam metin için <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/wuhan-novel-coronavirus" target="_blank" rel="noopener">tıklayınız</a></p>
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		<title>COVID 19 LABORATUVAR BİYOGÜVENLİĞİ (DSÖ) REHBERİ</title>
		<link>https://wp.mikrobik.net/covid-19-laboratuvar-biyoguvenligi-dso-rehberi/</link>
					<comments>https://wp.mikrobik.net/covid-19-laboratuvar-biyoguvenligi-dso-rehberi/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[mikrobik]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 11 Mar 2020 17:26:00 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Covid-19]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mikrobiyoloji Rehberleri]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[biyogüvenlik]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[covid-19]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Guideline]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Rehber]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>

					<description><![CDATA[COVID 19 LABORATUVAR BİYOGÜVENLİĞİ (DSÖ) REHBERİ KLİMUD Laboratuvar Güvenliği Çalışma Grubu tarafından hazırlanmıştır.Link için tıklayınız Giriş Bu belgenin amacı, Wuhan, Çin&#8217;de tanımlanan yeni koronavirüs (2019-nCoV) vaka tanımını karşılayan hastaların klinik örneklerinin test edilmesiyle...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>COVID 19 LABORATUVAR BİYOGÜVENLİĞİ (DSÖ) REHBERİ</p>
<p>KLİMUD Laboratuvar Güvenliği Çalışma Grubu tarafından hazırlanmıştır.Link için <a href="https://www.klimud.org/content/7813/covid-19-laboratuvar-biyoguvenligi-dso-rehberi" target="_blank" rel="noopener">tıklayınız</a></p>
<p>Giriş<br />
Bu belgenin amacı, Wuhan, Çin&#8217;de tanımlanan yeni koronavirüs (2019-nCoV) vaka tanımını karşılayan hastaların klinik örneklerinin test edilmesiyle ilgili laboratuvar biyogüvenliği hakkında geçici rehberlik sağlamaktır.</p>
<p>Koronavirüs hastalığı 2019 (COVID-19) hakkındaki bilgilerimiz sınırlı olmakla birlikte hızla artmaktadır, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) gelişmeleri takip etmektedir ve bu öneriler gerekligörüldüğünde yenilenecektir.</p>
<p>COVID-19 Laboratuvar Biyogüvenliği Hakkında Önemli Noktalar<br />
Tüm prosedürler risk değerlendirmesine dayalı, ilgili protokollere sıkı sıkıya bağlı ve yalnızca yetkin personel tarafından gerçekleştirilmelidir.<br />
Tüm numunelerin ilk işlemesi (inaktivasyondan önce) onaylanmış tercihen sınıf II bir biyolojik güvenlik kabininde (BGK) yapılmalıdır.<br />
Bulaştırıcı olmayan tanısal çalışmalar (örneğin sekanslama, nükleik asit amplifikasyon testi [NAAT]) Biyogüvenlik Düzeyi 2 (BGD-2) laboratuvarlarda yapılmalıdır.<br />
Bulaştırıcı çalışmalar (örneğin virüs kültürü, izolasyon veya nötralizasyon deneyleri) içeri doğru hava akışı bulunan laboratuvarlarda (BGD-3) yapılmalıdır.<br />
Zarflı virüslere karşı etkinliği kanıtlanmış uygun dezenfektanlar kullanılmalıdır (örneğin hipoklorit, alkol, hidrojen peroksit, kuaterner amonyum bileşikleri ve fenolik bileşikler).<br />
Şüpheli veya kesin vakalardan elde edilen örnekler UN3373, “Biyolojik Madde Kategori B” olarak taşınmalıdır. Viral kültürler veya izolatlar Kategori A, UN2814, “insanları etkileyen bulaşıcı madde” olarak taşınmalıdır. Yurt içinde örnek transferi yapılması gerekiyor ise üç kaplı taşıma sistemi kullanılmalıdır.</p>
<p>Laboratuvar biyogüvenliği<br />
Laboratuvarların uygun biyogüvenlik uygulamalarına bağlı kalmasını sağlamak esastır. COVID-19&#8217;dan sorumlu virüsün varlığını araştırmaya yönelik testler veya şüpheli vaka tanımını karşılayan hastalardan alınan klinik örneklere yönelik testler, ilgili teknik ve güvenlik prosedürleri konusunda eğitilmiş personel tarafından, uygun şekilde donatılmış laboratuvarlarda yapılmalıdır. Her durumda laboratuvar biyogüvenliği ile ilgili ulusal kılavuzlara uyulmalıdır. Laboratuvar biyogüvenlik yönergeleri hakkında genel bilgi için DSÖ Laboratuvar Biyogüvenlik Rehberi’ne ve Ulusal Mikrobiyoloji Standartları Laboratuvar Güvenliği Rehberi’ne bakınız.</p>
<p>Anahtar Noktalar</p>
<p>• Her laboratuvar, planlanan testi uygun risk kontrol önlemleri ile güvenli bir şekilde gerçekleştirmeyeuygun olduğundan emin olmak için yerel ve kurumsal bir risk değerlendirmesi yapmalıdır.</p>
<p>• Serolojik testler için kan da dahil olmak üzere numunelerin alınması ve işlenmesi sırasında, iyi mikrobiyolojik uygulamalar ve prosedürler (GMPP) için temel olan laboratuvar uygulamaları ve prosedürleri izlenmelidir.</p>
<p>• Şüpheli veya doğrulanmış COVID-19 enfeksiyonu olan vakalardan hematoloji veya kan gazı analizi gibi ek laboratuvar testleri için alınan numunelerin işlenmesi sırasında, potansiyel enfeksiyöz materyallerin işlenmesi ile ilgili ulusal kılavuzlara uyulmalıdır.</p>
<p>• COVID-19 ile enfekte olduğundan şüphelenilen veya teyit edilen hastalardan alınan örneklerdeuygulananbulaştırıcı olmayan tanısal çalışmalar (örneğin sekanslama,NAAT) BGD-2 laboratuvarlarda yapılmalıdır.</p>
<p>• Yüksek konsantrasyonlarda canlı virüs (virüs yayılımı, virüs izolasyonu veya nötralizasyon deneyleri yapılırken) veya büyük miktardaki bulaşıcı materyallerin kullanıldığı çalışmalar, yalnızca uygun şekilde eğitilmiş ve yetkin personel tarafından BGD-3 laboratuvarlarda gerçekleştirilmelidir.</p>
<p>• Sekanslama ve NAAT için olanlar da dahil olmak üzere tüm numunelerin ilk işlemesi (inaktivasyondan önce) onaylanmış sınıf II BGK’da yapılmalıdır.</p>
<p>• Zarflı virüslere karşı etkinliği kanıtlanmış uygun dezenfektanlar, önerilen temas süresi boyunca, doğru seyreltmede ve çalışma çözeltisi hazırlandıktan sonraki miadı içerisinde kullanılmalıdır.</p>
<p>• Tüm teknik prosedürler, aerosollerin ve damlacıkların oluşumunu en aza indirecek şekilde yapılmalıdır.</p>
<p>• Ayrıntılı bir risk değerlendirmesiyle belirlenen uygun kişisel koruyucu donanım (KKD), bu örnekleri çalışan tüm laboratuvar personeli tarafından kullanılmalıdır.</p>
<p>• Şüpheli veya kesin vakalardan elde edilen örnekler UN3373, “Biyolojik Madde Kategori B” olarak taşınmalıdır. Viral kültürler veya izolatlar Kategori A, UN2814, “insanları etkileyen bulaşıcı madde” olarak taşınmalıdır. Yurt içinde örnek transferi yapılması gerekiyor ise üç kaplı taşıma sistemi kullanılmalıdır.</p>
<p>Laboratuvar uygulamalarındaki spesifik manipülasyonlar ile ilişkili asgari/gerekli çalışma koşullarını ele alan öneriler<br />
Bu bölümde sunulan ek öneriler laboratuvar uygulamalarındaki spesifik manipülasyonlar ile ilişkili asgari/gerekli çalışma koşullarını ele almaktadır.</p>
<p>Risk değerlendirmesi<br />
Risk değerlendirmesi riski kabul edilebilir bir düzeye indirmek için bilgi toplanmasının ve maruz kalmanın olasılıklarının ve sonuçlarının veya tehlikenin serbest hale geçmesinin değerlendirilmesinin ve uygun risk kontrol önlemlerinin belirlenmesinin sistematik bir sürecidir. Bu tehlikelerin tek başına insanlar veya hayvanlar için risk oluşturmadığını not etmek önemlidir. Bu nedenle değerlendirme ayrıca kullanılan ekipman türlerine ve biyolojik ajanlar ile uygulanacak prosedürlere göre yapılmalıdır.</p>
<p>Her bir işlem adımı (numune toplama, numune alımı, klinik testler, virüs izolasyonu için polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (PCR); sadece uygun olan yerlerde) için lokal risk değerlendirmesi yaparak başlamanız şiddetle tavsiye edilir. Belirli tehlikeler değerlendirilmiş risk derecesi ile birlikte her işlem adımı (aerosol oluşumu gibi numune işleme sırasında maruz kalma; numune işleme sırasında göze sıçrama; bulaşıcı kültür materyali dökülmesi ve sızdıran numune; numune alımı durumunda) için dikkate alınmalıdır. Tanımlanan her risk için uygun risk kontrol önlemleri aşağıdaki önerileri içermelidir ancak bunlar ile sınırlı olmamalıdır, riskleri kabul edilebilir seviyeye kadar azaltmak için seçilmiş ve uygulanmış olmalıdır. Risk değerlendirme yapabilmek için Ulusal Mikrobiyoloji Standartları Laboratuvar Güvenliği Rehberi’nde bulunan şablonlardan faydalanabilirsiniz.</p>
<p>Prognostik olmayan tanı çalışmaları ve PCR analizi dahil rutin laboratuvar prosedürleri<br />
COVID-19 ile enfekte olduğu kanıtlanan veya şüphelenilen hastaların klinik örneklerinin PCR analizi ve kültüre dayalı olmayan tanısal laboratuvar çalışmaları, konvansiyonel klinik ve mikrobiyoloji laboratuvarları uygulamalarına ve prosedürlerine göre yapılmalıdır.</p>
<p>Bununla birlikte, sıçramaya neden olabilecek bulaşıcı maddelerin damlacıkları veya aerosolleri de dahil potansiyel bulaşıcı olabilecek tüm manipülasyonlar (örneğin; santrifüjü kullanma,<br />
öğütme, karıştırma, kuvvetli çalkalama veya karıştırma, ortam basıncından daha farklı iç basınca sahip enfeksiyöz materyal kutularının açılması) uygun kişisel koruyucu donanımları sağlanmış yetkin personel tarafından onaylanmış ve valide edilmiş biyogüvenlik kabinindeuygun şekilde yapılmalıdır.</p>
<p>Rutin laboratuvar prosedürlerine örnekler:</p>
<p>Serumun tanısal testleri; kan (hematoloji ve klinik kimya dahil); nazofaringeal ve orofaringeal sürüntüler gibi solunum örnekleri, balgam ve/veya endotrakeal aspirat veya bronkoalveoler lavaj; dışkı; veya diğer örnekler<br />
Solunum yolu örneklerinin mikotik ve bakteri kültürlerinin rutin incelenmesi.</p>
<p>Çalışma şartlarının temel gereksinimleri Ulusal Mikrobiyoloji Standartları Laboratuvar Güvenliği Rehberi’nde tanımlanmıştır.</p>
<p>Uygun dezenfektanların kullanımı<br />
Bu yeni virüs hakkında çok az şey bilinmesine rağmen, COVID-19 and MERS-CoV arasındaki karşılaştırılabilir genetik özellikler ile COVID-19 virüsünün sodyum hipoklorit dahil (çamaşır suyu; genel yüzey dezenfeksiyonu için%0.1, kan dökülmelerinin dezenfeksiyonu için %1’lik; %62-71 etanol; %0.5 hidrojen peroksit; kuarterner amonyum bileşikleri; ve fenolik bileşikler) olmak üzere zarflı virüslere karşı etkinliği kanıtlanmış dezenfektanlara karşı duyarlı olabildiği gösterilmiştir.<br />
%0.05-0.2 benzalkonyum klorür veya %0.02 klorheksidin diglukonat gibi diğer biyosidal ajanlar daha az etkili olmaktadır.<br />
Sadece dezenfektan seçimi değil, aynı zamanda temas süresi (örneğin, 10 dakika), dilüsyon oranı (aktif bileşen konsantrasyonu) ve solüsyon hazırlandıktan sonraki son kullanma tarihi de önemlidir.<br />
Genel olarak insan koronavirüslerinin metal, cam veya plastik gibi cansız yüzeylerde 9 güne kadar canlı kalabildiği bilinmektedir</p>
<p>Virüs izolasyonu<br />
Bir ülke aksini kararlaştırmadıkça, COVID-19 ile enfekte olduğu kanıtlanan veya şüphelenilen hastaların klinik örneklerinin viral izolasyonu yukarıda açıklanan koruyucu önlemler dikkate alınarak sadece aşağıdaki ek sınırlama ölçütlerini karşılayan laboratuvarlarda yapılmalıdır.</p>
<p>Laboratuvar içinde tek yönlü hava akımı sağlayan kontrollü bir havalandırma sistemi<br />
Laboratuvar odasındaki havanın bina içindeki diğer alanlara devirdaim edilmemesi, HEPA filtresi kullanılması<br />
Laboratuvarda özel bir el yıkama lavabosu bulundurulması<br />
Tüm bulaşıcı veya potansiyel olarak bulaşıcı materyaller ile yapılan tüm manipülasyonların onaylanmış ve valide edilmiş biyogüvenlik kabininde uygulanması<br />
Laboratuvar çalışanlarının kişisel koruyucu ekipmanları kullanması (tek kullanımlık eldivenler, ön veya etrafı saran düz önlük, kolluk, bone, galoş,<br />
göz koruması (gözlük veya yüz kalkanı), uygun test edilmiş maske; EU FFP2, US 6 NIOSH sertifikalı N95’e eşdeğer veya daha yüksek koruma)<br />
Örneklerin santrifüjlenmesinin özel santrifüj rotorları veya numune kapları ile yapılması</p>
<p>Virüs izolasyonu ile ilişkili ek riskler<br />
Virüsle deneysel çalışmalar virüsteki mutasyona bağlı olarak patojenitesinde artma ve/veya virüsün bulaş yollarında değişiklik veya virüsün antijenik yapısında farklılıklar veya antivirallere karşı duyarlılık farklılıkları gibi ilave riskler oluşturabileceği yönünde dikkatli olunmalıdır. Etkene özgü risk değerlendirme her koşulda yapılmalı ve riski azaltacak koruyucu önlemler belirlenerek aşağıda tanımlanmış çalışma koşullarına uygulanabilir hale getirilmelidir.</p>
<p>Farklı koronavirüslerin hücre kültürlerinde ko-enfeksiyon çalışmaları veya ko-enfeksiyonla sonuçlanması muhtemel her türlü çalışmalar<br />
Antiviral ilaçlarla duyarlılığının test edileceği kültür çalışmaları<br />
Virüsün genetik yapısında gerçekleştirilecek değişikliklerin yapılacağı çalışmalar</p>
<p>COVID-19 ile enfekte hayvanlarla çalışma<br />
Deney hayvanlarına virüsün inokülasyonu<br />
COVID-19 virüsün muhtemel etken olduğunu doğrulamak amacıyla inokülasyon dahil tüm işlemler daha önce rehberlerde tanımlanmış hayvanlarla çalışma BGD-3 çalışma ortamı ve güvenli çalışma koşulları dikkate alınarak gerçekleştirilmelidir.</p>
<p>Örneklerin uygun koruyucu önlemlerin mevcut olduğu merkezlere gönderimi<br />
Örneklerin alınması ve işlenmesi ile ilişkili uygun biyogüvenlik düzeyine sahip olmayan laboratuvarların örneklerin doğrulanması için uygun koşullara sahip ulusal referans laboratuvarlarına örnekleri göndermeleri gerekir.</p>
<p>Biyolojik örneklerin paketlenmesi ve transferi<br />
Laboratuvarlar arasında gönderilecek tüm örnekler muhtemel kırılma, saçılma veya sızıntıya karşı ikinci bir koruyucu kap içerisinde gönderilmelidir. Paketleme işlemi biyogüvenlik kabini içerisinde gerçekleştirilmelidir. Örneğin paketlenmesi sonrası çalışma alanları dekontamine edilmelidir. Biyolojik örneklerin gönderilmesine ilişkin ulusal ve uluslararası kurallara uyulmalıdır.</p>
<p>Şüpheli olgu veya doğrulanma amacıyla gönderilecek hasta örnekleri UN3373 “Biyolojik örnek Kategori B” standartlarına uygun koşullarda gönderilmelidir. Viral kültürler veya virüs izolatlar UN2814 “İnsanı etkileyebilecek enfeksiyöz örnek Kategori A” koşullarına uygun olarak paketlenmeli, etiketlenmeli ve uygun formaları doldurularak dökümante edilmiş şekilde gönderilmelidir. Yurt içinde örnek transferi yapılması gerekiyor ise üç kaplı taşıma sistemi kullanılmalıdır.</p>
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		<title>2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk</title>
		<link>https://wp.mikrobik.net/2019-esc-eas-guidelines-for-the-management-of-dyslipidaemias-lipid-modification-to-reduce-cardiovascular-risk/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[mikrobik]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 03 Jan 2020 16:44:00 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Biyokimya Rehberleri]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[dyslipidemia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Guideline]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk European Heart Journal, Volume 41, Issue 1, 1 January 2020, Pages 111–188, Tam metin için tıklayınız]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk<br />
European Heart Journal, Volume 41, Issue 1, 1 January 2020, Pages 111–188,</p>
<p>Tam metin için <a href="https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article-pdf/41/1/111/31667585/ehz455.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">tıklayınız</a></p>
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		<title>Preanalytical Phase Guidelines</title>
		<link>https://wp.mikrobik.net/preanalytical-phase-guidelines/</link>
					<comments>https://wp.mikrobik.net/preanalytical-phase-guidelines/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[mikrobik]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 20 Jun 2017 12:03:00 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Biyokimya Rehberleri]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Guideline]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Preanalytical Phase]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Preanalytical Phase Guidelines Country Guidelines Turkey Guidelines for centrifugate use in medical laboratories Year 2017 Click here to download the paper Italy Blood collection systems in clinical laboratories: local adaptation of the EFLM...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><span style="color:#5C3566;">Preanalytical Phase Guidelines</span></strong></p>
<p>Country	Guidelines<br />
Turkey	Guidelines for centrifugate use in medical laboratories Year 2017<br />
Click here <a href="https://www.eflm.eu/upload/docs/Turkey%20-%202017%20Centrifugation%20guidelines.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">to download the paper</a><br />
Italy            	Blood collection systems in clinical laboratories: local adaptation of the EFLM guidelines Year 2016<br />
Click here to <a href="https://www.eflm.eu/upload/docs/Italy%20-%202016%20Blood%20collection%20systems.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">download the paper</a> in the original language (with abstract in English)<br />
Turkey	Guidelines for venous blood collection (phlebotomy) Year 2016<br />
Click here to <a href="http://www.eflm.eu/files/efcc/Venous%20Blood%20Collection%20-Turkish%20NS.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">download the paper</a><br />
Croatia   	Capillary blood sampling: national recommendations on behalf of the Croatian Society of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine Year 2015<br />
Click here to<a href="http://www.eflm.eu/files/efcc/Capillary%20blood%20sampling%20-%20Croatian%20NS.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> download the paper </a><br />
Croatia	Croatian Society of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine: national recommendations for venous blood sampling Year 2013<br />
Click here to <a href="http://www.eflm.eu/files/efcc/Phlebotomy%20-%20Croatian%20NS.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">download the paper</a><br />
Italy Proposal of a checklist for venous blood collection Year 2013<br />
Click here to <a href="https://www.eflm.eu/upload/docs/Italy%20-%202013%20checklist%20for%20blood%20collection.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">download the paper</a> in the original language (with abstract in English)</p>
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		<title>European Urinalysis Guidelines</title>
		<link>https://wp.mikrobik.net/european-urinalysis-guidelines/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[mikrobik]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 05 Dec 2016 12:05:00 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Biyokimya Rehberleri]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Guideline]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[urinalysis]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[European Urinalysis Guidelines-2023 Tam metin için tıklayınız Timo Kouri a*, Walter Hofmann b, Rosanna Falbo c, Matthijs Oyaert d, Sören Schubert e, Jan Berg Gertsen f, Audrey Merens g, and Martine Pestel-Caron h,on...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>E<span style="color:#5C3566;">uropean Urinalysis Guidelines-2023</span></strong></p>
<p>Tam metin için<a href="https://www.hdmblm.hr/images/vijesti/-2023/31-01/EFLM_European_Urinalysis_Guidelines_Draft.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> tıklayınız</a></p>
<p>Timo Kouri a*, Walter Hofmann b, Rosanna Falbo c, Matthijs Oyaert d,<br />
Sören Schubert e, Jan Berg Gertsen f, Audrey Merens g, and Martine Pestel-Caron h,on behalf of the EFLM European Urinalysis Group.<br />
a Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, and HUSLAB, HUS Diagnostic Center,<br />
Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Helsinki, Finland<br />
b Synlab MVZ, Augsburg and Dachau, Germany<br />
c University Department of Laboratory Medicine, ASST Brianza, Pio XI Hospital, Desio (MB), Italy<br />
d Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium<br />
e Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig<br />
Maximilian University, Munich, Germany</p>
<p>Background: The EFLM Task and Finish Group Urinalysis has updated the ECLM European Urinalysis Guidelines (2000) on laboratory procedures in urinalysis and urine bacterial culture. We aim to improve accuracy of urine examinations in European clinical laboratories, and to support diagnostic industry to develop new technologies.<br />
Recommendations: Graded recommendations were built in the following areas:<br />
Medical needs and test requisition: Strategies of urine testing were described to patients with low and high-risk to urinary tract infection (UTI) or kidney disease.<br />
Specimen collection: Patient preparation, and urine collection are now supported with two quality indicators: contamination rate (cultures), and density of urine (chemistry, particles).<br />
Chemistry: Measurements of both urine albumin and α1-microglobulin are recommended for sensitive detection of renal disease in high-risk patients. Performance specifications for urine protein measurements and quality control of multiproperty strip tests were given.<br />
Particles: Procedures for microscopy were reviewed for diagnostic urine particles, including urine bacteria. Technologies in automated particle counting were updated with advice how to verify new instruments with the reference microscopy.<br />
Bacteriology: Chromogenic agar was recommended as primary medium in urine cultures. Limits of significant growth were reviewed, with an optimised workflow for routine specimens, using leukocyturia to reduce less important antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Automation in bacteriology is encouraged to shorten turn-around times. Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry is applicable for rapid identification of uropathogens.<br />
Aerococcus urinae, A. sanguinicola and Actinotignum schaalii were taken into the list of uropathogens. Moreover, a reference examination procedure was developed for urine bacterial cultures.<br />
Key words: automation; laboratory practice guidelines; reference measurement procedures; standardisation; urinalysis; urine bacterial culture</p>
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		<title>Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus</title>
		<link>https://wp.mikrobik.net/guidelines-and-recommendations-for-laboratory-analysis-in-the-diagnosis-and-management-of-diabetes-mellitus/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[mikrobik]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 16 Mar 2016 11:50:00 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Biyokimya Rehberleri]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[diabetes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Guideline]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LABORATORY MEDICINE PRACTICE GUIDELINES Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><span style="color:#5C3566;">Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus</span></strong><br />
THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LABORATORY MEDICINE PRACTICE GUIDELINES<br />
<a href="https://www.aacc.org/~/media/practice-guidelines/diabetes-mellitus/diabetesmellitusentirelmpg.pdf?la=en" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus</a> </p>
<p>PUBLICATION DATE: 2011<br />
Multiple laboratory tests are used in the diagnosis and management of patients with diabetes mellitus. The quality of the scientific evidence supporting the use of these assays varies substantially. An expert committee compiled evidence-based recommendations for the use of laboratory analysis in patients with diabetes. A new system was developed to grade the overall quality of the evidence and the strength of the recommendations. In addition to the long-standing criteria based on measurement of venous plasma glucose, diabetes can be diagnosed by demonstrating increased hemoglobin A1c (Hb A1c) concentrations in the blood. Monitoring of glycemic control is performed by the patients measuring their own plasma or blood glucose with meters and by laboratory analysis of Hb A1c. The potential roles of noninvasive glucose monitoring, genetic testing, and measurement of autoantibodies, urine albumin, insulin, proinsulin, C-peptide, and other analytes are addressed.</p>
<p>Chapter 1. Introduction 1<br />
Chapter 2. Glucose 3<br />
Chapter 3. Glucose Meters 9<br />
Chapter 4. Continuous Minimally Invasive Glucose Analysis 15<br />
Chapter 5. Noninvasive Glucose Analysis 17<br />
Chapter 6. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus 19<br />
Chapter 7. Urinary Glucose 21<br />
Chapter 8. Ketone Testing 23<br />
Chapter 9. Hb A1c 25<br />
Chapter 10. Genetic Markers 31<br />
Chapter 11. Autoimmune Markers 35<br />
Chapter 12. Albuminuria (formerly microalbuminuria) 39<br />
Chapter 13. Miscellaneous Potentially Important Analytes 43</p>
<p>GUIDELINES COMMITTEE:<br />
David B. Sacks, M.B., Ch.B., Chair<br />
Mark Arnold, PhD<br />
George L. Bakris, M.D.<br />
David E. Bruns, M.D.<br />
Andrea Rita Horvath, M.D., Ph.D.<br />
Sue M. Kirkman, M.D.<br />
Ake Lernmark, M.D.<br />
Boyd E. Metzger, M.D.<br />
David Nathan, M.D.</p>
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		<title>UK Guidelines for the Use of Thyroid Function Tests</title>
		<link>https://wp.mikrobik.net/uk-guidelines-for-the-use-of-thyroid-function-tests/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[mikrobik]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 24 Nov 2014 13:15:00 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Biyokimya Rehberleri]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Guideline]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[thyroid]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>

					<description><![CDATA[UK Guidelines for the Use of Thyroid Function Tests Tam metin için tıklayınız Contents Guidelines development group 4 Notes on the development and use of the guidelines 5 Types of evidence and the...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><span style="color:#5C3566;">UK Guidelines for the Use of Thyroid Function Tests</span> </strong></p>
<p>Tam metin için <a href="http://www.btf-thyroid.org/images/documents/tft_guideline_final_version_july_2006.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">tıklayınız</a></p>
<p>Contents<br />
Guidelines development group 4<br />
Notes on the development and use of the guidelines 5<br />
Types of evidence and the grading of recommendations 7<br />
Abbreviations 8<br />
Presentation conventions 9<br />
Acknowledgements 10</p>
<p>1. Introduction<br />
1.1 Thyroid disease 11<br />
 1.2 Thyroid function tests 11<br />
1.3 The patient perspective 11<br />
 1.4 The physician perspective 12<br />
 1.5 The laboratory perspective 12<br />
 1.6 The need for national guidelines 12<br />
2. Indications for thyroid function testing<br />
 2.1 Introduction 15<br />
2.2 Screening for thyroid dysfunction 15<br />
 2.2 Surveillance of thyroid function 20<br />
 2.3 Monitoring of thyroid function 22<br />
3. Hypothyroidism<br />
3.1 Primary hypothyroidism 24<br />
 3.2 Subclinical (mild) hypothyroidism 27<br />
 3.3 Secondary hypothyroidism 28<br />
 3.4 Congenital hypothyroidism 30<br />
4. Hyperthyroidism<br />
4.1 Primary hyperthyroidism 32<br />
4.2 Subclinical (mild) hyperthyroidism 36<br />
4.3 Inappropriate TSH 37<br />
5. Thyroid function in pregnancy<br />
5.1 Introduction 39<br />
5.2 Hypothyroidism 39<br />
5.3 Hyperthyroidism 40<br />
5.4 Post-partum thyroiditis 42<br />
5.5 Screening for thyroid disease during pregnancy 42<br />
5.6 Neonatal thyroid assessment 43<br />
6. Thyroid function testing in thyroid cancer<br />
6.1 Introduction 46<br />
6.2 Differentiated thyroid cancer 46<br />
 6.3 Medullary thyroid cancer 49<br />
6.4 Anaplastic thyroid cancer 51 3<br />
Contents (continued)<br />
7. Laboratory aspects of thyroid function testing<br />
7.1 Introduction 52<br />
7.2 Biochemical investigations for thyroid function 52<br />
7.3 Tests to establish if there is thyroid dysfunction 52<br />
7.4 Selective use of thyroid function tests 54<br />
7.5 Reference ranges 55<br />
7.6 Quality control and quality assurance 56<br />
7.7 Interpreting results of thyroid function tests 57<br />
7.8 Follow-up of unusual test results 61<br />
7.9 Laboratory tests used to determine the cause of thyroid dysfunction 61<br />
7.10 Recommended protocol for determining functional sensitivity 66<br />
7.11 Drugs that alter thyroid hormone synthesis, secretion &#038; metabolism 66<br />
8. Areas for further studies 68<br />
Appendix 1 References 69</p>
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		<title>KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease</title>
		<link>https://wp.mikrobik.net/kdigo-2012-clinical-practice-guideline-for-the-evaluation-and-management-of-chronic-kidney-disease/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[mikrobik]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 03 Apr 2013 13:48:00 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Biyokimya Rehberleri]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Guideline]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[KDIGO]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[kidney]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>

					<description><![CDATA[KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease Fulltext için tıklayınız 1.1: DEFINITION OF CKD 1.1.1: CKD is defined as abnormalities of kidney structure or function, present...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><span style="color:#5C3566;">KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease</span> </strong></p>
<p>Fulltext için <a href="http://www.kdigo.org/clinical_practice_guidelines/pdf/CKD/KDIGO_2012_CKD_GL.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">tıklayınız</a></p>
<p>1.1: DEFINITION OF CKD<br />
1.1.1: CKD is defined as abnormalities of kidney structure or function, present for43 months, with implications for health. (Not Graded)<br />
1.2: STAGING OF CKD<br />
1.2.1: We recommend that CKD is classified based on cause, GFR category, and albuminuria category (CGA). (1B)<br />
1.2.2: Assign cause of CKD based on presence or absence of systemic disease and the location within the kidney of<br />
observed or presumed pathologic-anatomic findings. (Not Graded)<br />
1.2.3: Assign GFR categories as follows (Not Graded):<br />
1.2.4: Assign albuminuria* categories as follows (Not Graded):<br />
*note that where albuminuria measurement is not available, urine reagent strip results can be substituted (Table 7)<br />
1.3: PREDICTING PROGNOSIS OF CKD<br />
1.3.1: In predicting risk for outcome of CKD, identify the following variables: 1) cause of CKD; 2) GFR category;<br />
3) albuminuria category; 4) other risk factors and comorbid conditions. (Not Graded)<br />
Criteria for CKD (either of the following present for 43 months)<br />
Markers of kidney damage (one or more) Albuminuria (AER Z30 mg/24 hours; ACR Z30 mg/g [Z3 mg/mmol])<br />
Urine sediment abnormalities<br />
Electrolyte and other abnormalities due to tubular disorders<br />
Abnormalities detected by histology<br />
Structural abnormalities detected by imaging<br />
History of kidney transplantation<br />
Decreased GFR GFR o60 ml/min/1.73 m2 (GFR categories G3a–G5)<br />
Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; GFR, glomerular filtration rate.</p>
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		<title>KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease</title>
		<link>https://wp.mikrobik.net/kdoqi-clinical-practice-guidelines-for-chronic-kidney-disease/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[mikrobik]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 03 Apr 2013 13:25:00 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Biyokimya Rehberleri]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Guideline]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[KDOQI]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[kidney]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>

					<description><![CDATA[KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease Guideline 1. Definition and Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease (p. S46) Adverse outcomes of chronic kidney disease can often be prevented or delayed through early...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><span style="color:#5C3566;">KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease</span></strong></p>
<p>Guideline 1.<br />
Definition and Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease (p. S46)</p>
<p>Adverse outcomes of chronic kidney disease can often be prevented or delayed through early detection and treatment. Earlier stages of chronic kidney disease can be detected through routine laboratory measurements.</p>
<p>    The presence of chronic kidney disease should be established, based on presence of kidney damage and level of kidney function (glomerular filtration rate [GFR]), irrespective of diagnosis.</p>
<p>    Among patients with chronic kidney disease, the stage of disease should be assigned based on the level of kidney function, irrespective of diagnosis, according to the KDOQI CKD classification:<br />
<img decoding="async" src="http://www.kidney.org/professionals/kdoqi/guidelines_ckd/Gif_File/kck_stages.jpg" alt="" style="max-width:100%;height:auto;" /><br />
EVALUATION OF LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS FOR CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF KIDNEY DISEASE (PART 5, p. S76)</p>
<p>The definition and staging of chronic kidney disease depends on the assessment of GFR, proteinuria, and other markers of kidney disease. The goals of Part 5 are to evaluate the accuracy of prediction equations to estimate the level of GFR from serum creatinine, the accuracy of ratios of protein-to-creatinine concentration in untimed (�spot�) urine samples to assess protein excretion rate, and the utility of markers of kidney damage other than proteinuria. As described in Appendix 1, Table 151, the Work Group evaluated studies according to accepted methods for evaluation of diagnostic tests. To provide a more comprehensive review, the Work Group attempted to integrate the systematic review of specific questions with existing guidelines and recommendations.</p>
<p>Guideline 4.<br />
Estimation of GFR (p. S76)</p>
<p>Estimates of GFR are the best overall indices of the level of kidney function.</p>
<p>    The level of GFR should be estimated from prediction equations that take into account the serum creatinine concentration and some or all of the following variables: age, gender, race and body size. The following equations provide useful estimates of GFR:</p>
<p>        In adults, the MDRD Study and Cockcroft- Gault equations;<br />
        In children, the Schwartz and Counahan- Barratt equations. </p>
<p>    The serum creatinine concentration alone should not be used to assess the level of kidney function.</p>
<p>    Clinical laboratories should report an estimate of GFR using a prediction equation, in addition to reporting the serum creatinine measurement.</p>
<p>    Autoanalyzer manufacturers and clinical laboratories should calibrate serum creatinine assays using an international standard.</p>
<p>    Measurement of creatinine clearance using timed (for example, 24-hour) urine collections does not improve the estimate of GFR over that provided by prediction equations. A 24-hour urine sample provides useful information for:<br />
        Estimation of GFR in individuals with exceptional dietary intake (vegetarian diet, creatine supplements) or muscle mass (amputation, malnutrition, muscle wasting);<br />
        Assessment of diet and nutritional status;<br />
        Need to start dialysis.</p>
<p>Guideline 5.<br />
Assessment of Proteinuria (p. S93)</p>
<p>Normal individuals usually excrete very small amounts of protein in the urine. Persistently increased protein excretion is usually a marker of kidney damage. The excretion of specific types of protein, such as albumin or low molecular weight globulins, depends on the type of kidney disease that is present. Increased excretion of albumin is a sensitive marker for chronic kidney disease due to diabetes, glomerular disease, and hypertension. Increased excretion of low molecular weight globulins is a sensitive marker for some types of tubulointerstitial disease. In this guideline, the term �proteinuria� refers to increased urinary excretion of albumin, other specific proteins, or total protein; �albuminuria� refers specifically to increased urinary excretion of albumin. �Microalbuminuria� refers to albumin excretion above the normal range but below the level of detection by tests for total protein. Guidelines for detection and monitoring of proteinuria in adults and children differ because of differences in the prevalence and type of chronic kidney disease.</p>
<p>Guidelines for Adults and Children:</p>
<p>    Under most circumstances, untimed (�spot�) urine samples should be used to detect and monitor proteinuria in children and adults.</p>
<p>    It is usually not necessary to obtain a timed urine collection (overnight or 24- hour) for these evaluations in either children or adults.</p>
<p>    First morning specimens are preferred, but random specimens are acceptable if first morning specimens are not available.</p>
<p>    In most cases, screening with urine dipsticks is acceptable for detecting proteinuria:</p>
<p>    Standard urine dipsticks are acceptable for detecting increased total urine protein.</p>
<p>    Albumin-specific dipsticks are acceptable for detecting albuminuria.</p>
<p>    Patients with a positive dipstick test (11 or greater) should undergo confirmation of proteinuria by a quantitative measurement (protein-to-creatinine ratio or albumin-to-creatinine ratio) within 3 months.</p>
<p>    Patients with two or more positive quantitative tests temporally spaced by 1 to 2 weeks should be diagnosed as having persistent proteinuria and undergo further evaluation and management for chronic kidney disease as stated in Guideline 2.</p>
<p>    Monitoring proteinuria in patients with chronic kidney disease should be performed using quantitative measurements. </p>
<p>Specific Guidelines for Adults:</p>
<p>    When screening adults at increased risk for chronic kidney disease, albumin should be measured in a spot urine sample using either:<br />
        Albumin-specific dipstick;<br />
        Albumin-to-creatinine ratio. </p>
<p>    When monitoring proteinuria in adults with chronic kidney disease, the protein to-creatinine ratio in spot urine samples should be measured using:<br />
        Albumin-to-creatinine ratio;<br />
        Total protein-to-creatinine ratio is acceptable if albumin-to-creatinine ratio is high (>500 to 1,000 mg/g). </p>
<p>Specific Guidelines for Children Without Diabetes:</p>
<p>    When screening children for chronic kidney disease, total urine protein should be measured in a spot urine sample using either:<br />
        Standard urine dipstick;<br />
        Total protein-to-creatinine ratio. </p>
<p>    Orthostatic proteinuria must be excluded by repeat measurement on a first morning specimen if the initial finding of proteinuria was obtained on a random specimen.</p>
<p>    When monitoring proteinuria in children with chronic kidney disease, the total protein- to-creatinine ratio should be measured in spot urine specimens. </p>
<p>Specific Guidelines for Children With Diabetes:</p>
<p>    Screening and monitoring of post-pubertal children with diabetes of 5 or more years of duration should follow the guidelines for adults.</p>
<p>    Screening and monitoring other children with diabetes should follow the guidelines for children without diabetes. </p>
<p>Guideline 6.<br />
Markers of Chronic Kidney Disease Other Than Proteinuria (p. S103)</p>
<p>Markers of kidney damage in addition to proteinuria include abnormalities in the urine sediment and abnormalities on imaging studies. Constellations of markers define clinical presentations for some types of chronic kidney disease. New markers are needed to detect kidney damage that occurs prior to a reduction in GFR in other types of chronic kidney diseases.</p>
<p>    Urine sediment examination or dipstick for red blood cells and white blood cells should be performed in patients with chronic kidney disease and in individuals at increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease.</p>
<p>    Imaging studies of the kidneys should be performed in patients with chronic kidney disease and in selected individuals at increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease.</p>
<p>    Although several novel urinary markers (such as tubular or low-molecular weight proteins and specific mononuclear cells) show promise of future utility, they should not be used for clinical decision-making at present. </p>
<p>ASSOCIATION OF LEVEL OF GFR WITH COMPLICATIONS IN ADULTS (PART 6, p. S111)</p>
<p>Many of the complications of chronic kidney disease can be prevented or delayed by early detection and treatment. The goal of Part 6 is to review the association of the level of GFR with complications of chronic kidney disease to determine the stage of chronic kidney disease when complications appear. As described in Appendix 1, Table 152, the Work Group searched for crosssectional studies that related manifestations of complications and the level of kidney function. Data from NHANES III were also analyzed, as described in Appendix 2.<br />
<img decoding="async" src="http://www.kidney.org/professionals/kdoqi/guidelines_ckd/Gif_File/kck_est.jpg" alt="" style="max-width:100%;height:auto;" /><br />
Estimated prevalence of selected complications, by category of estimated GFR, among participants age 20 years in NHANES III, 1988 through 1994. These estimates are not adjusted for age, the mean of which is 33 years higher at an estimated GFR of 15 to 29 mL/min/1.73 m2 than that at an estimated GFR 90 mL/min/1.73 m2.<br />
<img decoding="async" src="http://www.kidney.org/professionals/kdoqi/guidelines_ckd/Gif_File/kck_est2.jpg" alt="" style="max-width:100%;height:auto;" /><br />
Estimated distribution of the number of complications shown in figure by category of estimated GFR among participants age 20 years in NHANES III, 1988 through 1994. These estimates are not adjusted for age, the mean of which is 33 years higher at an estimated GFR of 15 to 29 mL/min/1.73 m2 than that at an estimated GFR of 90 mL/min/1.73 m2.</p>
<p>Because of different manifestations of complications of chronic kidney disease in children, especially in growth and development, the Work Group limited the scope of the review of evidence to adults. A separate Work Group will need to address this issue in children.</p>
<p>The Work Group did not attempt to review the evidence on the evaluation and management of complications of chronic kidney disease. This is the subject of past and forthcoming clinical practice guidelines by the National Kidney Foundation and other groups, which are referenced in the text.</p>
<p>Representative findings are shown by stage of chronic kidney disease in the figures above and below, showing a higher prevalence of each complication at lower GFR, and a larger mean number of complications per person and higher prevalence of multiple complications at lower GFR. These and other findings support the classification of stages of chronic kidney disease and are discussed in detail in Guidelines 7 through.</p>
<p>Guideline 7.<br />
Association of Level of GFR With Hypertension (p. S112)</p>
<p>High blood pressure is both a cause and a complication of chronic kidney disease. As a complication, high blood pressure may develop early during the course of chronic kidney disease and is associated with adverse outcomes—in particular, faster loss of kidney function and development of cardiovascular disease.</p>
<p>    Blood pressure should be closely monitored in all patients with chronic kidney disease.</p>
<p>    Treatment of high blood pressure in chronic kidney disease should include specification of target blood pressure levels, nonpharmacologic therapy, and specific antihypertensive agents for the prevention of progression of kidney disease (Guideline 13) and development of cardiovascular disease (Guideline 15). </p>
<p><a href="http://www.kidney.org/professionals/kdoqi/guidelines_ckd/ex2.htm#ckdex1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation, Classification, and Stratification</a></p>
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