MICROBIOLOGICAL REVIEWS, June 1996, p. 316–341

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………317
CYTOKINE BIOLOGY……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………317
Cytokines—a Working Definition…………………………………………………………………………………………………………318
Biological Actions of Cytokines…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….318
Cytokine Nomenclature………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..319
Pathological Actions of Cytokines …………………………………………………………………………………………………………319
Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….321
Cytokine Gene Knockouts and Susceptibility to Infection …………………………………………………………………….322
LPS AND CYTOKINE INDUCTION……………………………………………………………………………………………………….322
LPS and Endotoxin: Definition and Composition………………………………………………………………………………….322
Standard for LPS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..323
Structure of LPS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….323
Lipid A……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..323
Core region ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………323
O-antigenic side chain………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………323
LPS Receptor……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….323
LPS-Induced Transmembrane Signalling ……………………………………………………………………………………………..325
CYTOKINE-STIMULATING CELL COMPONENTS OTHER THAN LPS………………………………………………326
Proteins ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….326
Outer membrane proteins ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..326
(i) Porins………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………327
(ii) Lipid A-associated proteins ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..327
(iii) Other outer membrane proteins ……………………………………………………………………………………………..328
Fimbrial proteins ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..328
Other cell wall-associated proteins ……………………………………………………………………………………………………328
(i) Unidentified surface-associated proteins …………………………………………………………………………………..328
(ii) Protein A ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..329
Heat shock proteins………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….329
Lipoproteins…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………329
Glycoproteins……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….329
Lipids…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..329
Polysaccharides ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………329
Cell surface polysaccharides ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..329
Peptidoglycan……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………330
Peptidoglycan fragments…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..330
Teichoic Acids………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………331
Mycobacterial Cell Wall Components……………………………………………………………………………………………………331
Lipoarabinomannan …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………331
Other mycobacterial components ………………………………………………………………………………………………………332
EXTRACELLULAR PRODUCTS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….332
Proteases ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..332
Exotoxins……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..332
Superantigens ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………333
Other Extracellular Proteins………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..333
BACTERIAL ADHESION………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..333
BACTERIAL INVASION …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………333
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS………………………………………………………………………………………………………….334
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………335
REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..335