bias – mikrobik.net https://wp.mikrobik.net Wed, 25 Jun 2025 12:28:09 +0000 tr hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.9.1 Assessment of Bias with Emphasis on Method Comparison https://wp.mikrobik.net/assessment-of-bias-with-emphasis-on-method-comparison/ Fri, 20 Nov 2009 14:20:00 +0000 Assessment of Bias with Emphasis on Method Comparison
Roger Johnson

Clin Biochem Rev Vol 29 Suppl (i) August 2008

Definition of bias – distinct from accuracy, bias is an average deviation from a true value.
• Method comparison – a set of specimens is assayed by both an existing method and the new candidate method, and the
results compared. The following list describes the testing procedures and data handling required in a method comparison
study for the assessment of bias:
&�� Test material
&�� Number and disposition of specimens
&�� Summary of findings
&�� The problem with correlation, and the difference plot
&�� Statistics of difference
&�� Log transformation of the difference plot
&�� Statistics of difference with logs
&�� Linear regression
&�� Deming and Passing-Bablok models
&�� The value of r in linear regression
&�� Choice of statistics
&�� Examples of suitable computer programs
• Acceptable bias criteria are discussed.
• Linearity and recovery – failing either of these criteria should serve as a warning that method comparison data may conceal
an unrecognised bias.
• Finally, consideration of all steps in the assessment of bias is required to determine acceptability or not of the method
comparison.

“Bias is used to express numerically the degree of trueness”, trueness being “the closeness of agreement between the average value obtained from a large series of measurements and the true value”.
“Bias” and “inaccuracy” are often used synonymously. However, contemporary usage by ISO and CLSI1 makes a distinction between these terms: inaccuracy relates to how closely a single measurement agrees with the true value whereas bias relates to how an average of a series of measurements agrees with the true value. In the first case, imprecision contributes to the lack of agreement whereas in the second, imprecision is minimised (ideally removed entirely) by use of an average.

Summary of steps in assessment of bias
1. Criteria of acceptable performance established
2. Comparison of test method with reference method
using patient material ± reference material
3. x-y Plot of data with examination by eye
4. Consideration of difference plot and statistics of
difference
5. Consideration of regression analysis and statistics of
regression
6. Test of interference
7. Test of linearity
8. Test of recovery
9. Judgement of acceptability

]]> Desirable specifacions for total error, imprecisions and bias https://wp.mikrobik.net/desirable-specifacions-for-total-error-imprecisions-and-bias/ Thu, 14 May 2009 14:37:00 +0000



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DESIRABLE SPECIFICATIONS FOR TOTAL ERROR, IMPRECISION, AND BIAS, DERIVED FROM BIOLOGIC VARIATION

Ricos C, Alvarez V, Cava F, Garcia-Lario JV, Hernandez A, Jimenez CV, Minchinela J, Perich C, Simon M. “Current databases on biologic variation: pros, cons and progress.” Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1999;59:491-500.

 

CVI = within-subject biologic variation
CVG = between-subject biologic variation
I = desirable specification for imprecision
B = desirable specification for inaccuracy
TE = desirable specification for allowable total error

  Analyte Biological Variation Desirable specification
CVI CVg I(%) B(%) TE(%)
S- 11-Desoxycortisol 21.3 31.5 10.7 9.5 27.1
S- 17-Hydroxyprogesterone 19.6 50.4 9.8 13.5 29.7
U- 4-hydroxy-3-methoximandelate (VMA) 22.2 47.0 11.1 13.0 31.3
S- 5′ Nucleotidase 23.2 19.9 11.6 7.6 26.8
U- 5′-Hydroxyindolacetate, concentration 20.3 33.2 10.2 9.7 26.5
S- α1-Acid Glycoprotein 11.3 24.9 5.7 6.8 16.2
S- α1-Antichymotrypsin 13.5 18.3 6.8 5.7 16.8
S- α1-Antitrypsin 5.9 16.3 3.0 4.3 9.2
S- α1-Globulins 11.4 22.6 5.7 6.3 15.7
U- α1-Microglobulin, concentration, first morning 33.0 58.0 16.5 16.7 43.9
P- α2-Antiplasmin 6.2 — 3.1 — —
S- α2-Globulins 10.3 12.7 5.2 4.1 12.6
S- α2-Macroglobulin 3.4 18.7 1.7 4.75 7.56
U- α2-Microglobulin output, first morning 29.0 32.0 14.5 10.8 34.7
P- α-aminobutryic acid 24.7 32.3 12.4 10.2 30.5
S- α-Amylase 8.7 28.3 4.4 7.4 14.6
S- α-Amylase (pancreatic) 11.7 29.9 5.9 8.0 17.7
U- α-Amylase (pancreatic) 69.5 105.0 34.75 31.48 88.82
U- α-Amylase concentration, random 94.0 46.0 47.0 26.2 103.7
P- α-Carotene 24.0 65.0 12.0 17.3 37.1
S- α-Carotene 48.0 65.0 24.0 20.2 59.8
S- α-Fetoprotein(non hepatic carcinoma) 12.2 45.6 6.1 11.8 21.9
S- α-Tocopherol 13.8 15.0 6.9 5.1 16.5
S- Acid phosphatase 8.9 8.0 4.5 3.0 10.3
S- Acid phosphatase tartrate-resistant (TR-ACP) 8.0 13.3 4.0 3.9 10.5
S- Acid phosphatase prostatic activity (PAP) 33.8 — 16.9 — —
P- Activated partial thromboplastine time 2.7 8.6 1.4 2.3 4.5
P- Adiponectin 18.8 51.2 9.4 13.6 29.1
S- Adenosine deaminase (ADA) 11.7 25.5 5.9 7.0 16.7
P- Alanine 14.7 55.8 7.4 14.4 26.6
S- Alanine aminopeptidase 4.1 — 2.1 — —
S- Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 19.40 41.6 9.7 11.48 27.48
S- Albumin 3.2 4.75 1.6 1.43 4.07
U- Albumin, concentration, first morning 36.0 55.0 18.0 16.4 46.1
U- Albumin, output, night urine 29.5 58.0 14.8 16.3 40.6
S- Albumin, glycated 5.2 10.3 2.6 2.9 7.2
S- Aldosterone 29.4 40.1 14.7 12.4 36.7
U- Aldosterone 39.4 40.1 19.7 14.05 46.56
S- Alkaline phosphatase 6.45 26.1 3.23 6.72 12.04
S- Alkaline phosphatase, bone 6.2 37.4 3.1 9.5 14.6
S- Alkaline phosphatase, liver 10.0 27.0 5.0 7.2 15.4
S- Alkaline phosphatase, placental 19.1 — 9.6 — —
U- Ammonia, output, 24h 24.7 27.3 12.4 9.2 29.6
S- Amyloid A 25.0 61.0 12.5 16.5 37.1
S- Androstendione 15.8 38.8 7.9 10.47 23.51
S- Anion gap 9.5 10.1 4.8 3.5 11.3
P- Antithrombin III 5.2 15.3 2.6 4.0 8.3
S- Apolipoprotein A1 6.5 13.4 3.3 3.7 9.1
S- Apolipoprotein B 6.9 22.8 3.5 6.0 11.6
P- Arginine 19.3 34.1 9.7 9.8 25.7
S- Arilestearase activity, non inhibited 3.8 37.2 1.9 9.3 12.5
P- Ascorbate (Vitamin C) 20.0 21.0 10.0 7.3 23.8
S- Ascorbate (Vitamin C) 26.0 31.0 13.0 10.1 31.6
P- Asparagine 12.3 28.0 6.2 7.6 17.8
S- Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 12.3 23.1 6.15 6.54 16.69
P- Aspartic acid 31.2 55.1 15.6 15.8 41.6
S- β-2-Microglobulin 5.9 15.5 3.0 4.1 9.0
P- β-Carotene 18.0 48.0 9.0 12.8 27.7
S- β-Carotene 36.0 39.7 18.0 13.4 43.1
S- β-Cryptoxantin 36.7 — 18.4 — —
S- β-Globulins 10.1 9.1 5.1 3.4 11.7
B- Base excess 76.4 43.2 38.2 21.9 85.0
B- Basophile, count 28.0 54.8 14.0 15.4 38.5
S- Bilirubin total 21.8 28.4 10.90 8.95 26.94
S- Bilirubin conjugated 36.8 43.2 18.4 14.2 44.5
P- C Protein 5.6 55.2 2.9 13.9 18.7
S- C reactive protein 42.2 76.3 21.1 21.8 56.6
S- C reactive protein – high sensitivity 49.70 89.23 24.85 25.53 66.54
S- C3 Complement 5.2 15.6 2.6 4.1 8.4
S- C4 Complement 8.9 33.4 4.5 8.6 16.0
S- CA 125 antigen 24.7 54.6 12.4 15.0 35.4
S- CA 15.3 antigen 6.1 62.9 3.1 15.8 20.8
S- CA 19.9 antigen 16.0 130.5 7.98 32.87 46.03
S- CA 549 antigen 9.1 33.4 4.6 8.7 16.2
S- Calcium 2.1 2.5 1.05 0.82 2.55
S- Calcium, complexed 5.3 4.5 2.7 1.7 6.1
U- Calcium, concentration, 24h 27.5 36.6 13.8 11.4 34.1
S- Calcium, ionized 1.7 1.9 0.9 0.6 2.0
S- Calcium, protein bound 4.1 6.1 2.1 1.8 5.2
S- Calcium, ultrafiltrable 2.2 2.7 1.1 0.9 2.7
S- Carbohydrate deficient transferrin 7.1 38.7 3.6 9.8 15.7
B- CO2, total 4.0 4.8 2.0 1.56 4.86
S- Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) 12.7 55.6 6.4 14.3 24.7
S- Carnitine, Acyl-free 11.35 24.3 5.68 6.71 16.07
S- Carnitine, free 8.05 16.65 4.03 4.62 11.26
S- Carnitine, total 8.85 11.80 4.43 3.69 10.99
S- Ceruloplasmin (ferroxidase) 5.8 11.1 2.9 3.1 7.9
S- Chloride 1.2 1.5 0.6 0.5 1.5
S- Cholesterol 5.95 15.3 2.98 4.1 9.01
S- Cholinesterase, concentration 7.1 — 3.6 — —
S- Cholinesterase, activity 6.1 18.2 3.1 4.8 9.8
P- Chromogranin A 12.8 26.3 6.4 7.3 17.9
P- Citrulline 21.4 43.9 10.7 12.2 29.9
S- Collagen type I C propeptide (PICP) 7.8 26.7 3.9 7.0 13.4
S- Collagen type I N propeptide (PINP) 7.4 57.3 3.7 14.4 20.5
S- Collagen type III N propeptide (PIIINP) 13.6 87.2 6.8 22.1 33.3
U- Color, first morning 30.9 47.4 15.5 14.1 39.6
P- Copper 8.0 19.0 4.0 5.2 11.8
S- Copper 4.7 13.6 2.35 3.6 7.47
P- Cortisol 21.7 46.2 10.85 12.76 30.66
S- Cortisol 15.2 38.1 7.6 10.26 22.8
S- C Peptide 16.6 23.2 8.3 7.1 20.8
S- Creatine kinase (CK) 22.8 40.0 11.4 11.5 30.3
S- Creatine kinase MB, % 6.9 48.2 3.5 10.8 16.5
S- Creatine kinase MB, activity 19.7 24.3 9.9 7.8 24.1
S- Creatine kinase MB, mass 18.4 61.2 9.2 14.88 30.06
S- Creatinine 5.95 14.7 2.98 3.96 8.87
U- Creatinine, concentration, 24h 24.0 24.5 12.0 8.6 28.4
U- Creatinine, concentration, first morning 23.2 25.7 11.6 8.7 27.8
U- Creatinine, concentration, random 36.3 32.4 18.2 12.2 42.1
U- Creatinine, output, 24h 11.0 23.0 5.5 6.4 15.4
S- C-Terminal telopeptide type I collagen (CTY I) 10.85 30.6 5.43 8.12 15.45
S- Cyfra 21.1 Antigen 22.2 31.1 11.1 9.6 27.9
P- Cystatin C 5.5 — 2.8 — —
S- Cystatin C 5.0 13.0 2.5 3.48 7.61
P- Cysteine 5.9 12.3 3.0 3.4 8.3
P- Cystine 38.3 48.5 19.2 15.4 47.0
S- D-Dimer (MoM) 23.3 26.5 11.65 8.82 28.04
S- Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) 6.35 30.70 3.188 7.84 13.08
U- Deoxypyridinoline/creatinine, 24h 16.0 30.7 8.0 8.7 21.9
U- Deoxypyridinoline/creatinine, first morning 13.8 34.6 6.9 9.3 20.7
U- Deoxipyridinoline/minute, first morning 15.4 30.3 7.7 8.5 21.2
P- Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (ACE) 8.2 14.5 4.1 4.2 10.9
S- Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (ACE) 12.5 27.7 6.3 7.6 17.9
P- Elastase 12.4 15.1 6.2 4.88 15.11
B- Eosinophils, count 21.0 76.4 10.5 19.8 37.1
(B)Plat- Epinephrine 25.3 — 12.7 — —
P- Epinephrine 48.3 — 24.2 — —
B- Erythrocytes, count 3.2 6.3 1.6 1.7 4.4
B- Erythrocyte distribution wide 3.5 5.7 1.8 1.7 4.6
U- Estradiol 30.4 — 15.2 — —
S- Estradiol 22.5 24.4 11.25 8.3 26.86
S- Estradiol, free 22.8 — 11.40 — —
U- Estradiol, free 38.6 — 19.3 — —
P- Factor V coagulation 3.6 — 1.8 — —
P- Factor VII coagulation 6.8 19.4 3.4 5.1 10.7
P- Factor VIII coagulation 4.8 19.1 2.4 4.9 8.9
P- Factor X coagulation 5.9 — 3.0 — —
S- Ferritin 14.2 15.0 7.1 5.2 16.9
P- Fibrinogen 10.7 15.8 5.4 4.8 13.6
(B)Erthry- Folate 12.0 66.0 6.0 16.8 26.7
S- Folate 24.0 73.0 12.0 19.2 39.0
S- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 11.0 47.2 5.5 12.12 21.19
S- Fructosamine 3.4 5.9 1.7 1.7 4.5
S- Galactosyl hydroxylysine 11.8 25.8 5.9 7.1 16.8
P- γ-Fibrinogen 14.1 27.25 7.05 7.67 19.3
S- γ-Globulins 14.6 12.3 7.3 4.8 16.8
S- γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) 13.4 42.15 6.7 11.06 22.11
S- Globulins, total 5.5 12.9 2.8 3.5 8.0
P- Glucose 4.5 5.8 2.3 1.8 5.5
S- Glucose 5.6 7.5 2.8 2.34 6.96
(B)Erythr- Glucose-6-phosphate-1-dehydrogenase (G6PDH) 32.8 31.8 16.4 11.4 38.5
B – spot Glucose-6-phosphate-1-dehydrogenase (G6PDH) 7.3 10.3 3.7 3.2 9.2
P- Glutamic acid 46.4 79.9 23.2 23.1 61.4
P- Glutamine 12.1 22.0 6.1 6.3 16.3
S- Glutathion peroxidase 7.2 21.7 3.6 5.7 11.7
P- Glycine 11.8 40.3 5.9 10.5 20.2
P- Haptoglobin 20.0 27.9 10.0 8.6 25.1
S- Haptoglobin 20.4 36.4 10.2 10.4 27.3
S- HDL cholesterol 7.3 21.2 3.65 5.61 11.63
S- HDL 1 cholesterol 5.5 27.2 2.8 6.9 11.5
S- HDL 2 cholesterol 15.7 40.7 7.9 10.9 23.9
S- HDL 3 cholesterol 7.0 14.3 3.5 4.0 9.8
B- Hematocrit 2.7 6.41 1.35 1.74 3.97
B- Hemoglobin 2.85 6.8 1.43 1.84 4.19
B- Hemoglobin A1 C 1.9 5.7 0.9 1.5 3.0
B- Hemoglobin A2 0.7 7.7 0.35 1.93 2.51
P- Histidine 9.7 27.2 4.9 7.2 15.2
P- Homocysteine 8.3 33.5 4.15 8.63 15.48
S- Hyaluronic acid 62.00 — 31.00 — —
S- Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 6.6 — 3.3 — —
P- Hydroxyproline 34.5 56.7 17.3 16.6 45.1
U- Hydroxyproline/minute, first morning 36.1 38.8 18.1 13.2 43.0
U- Hydroxyproline/minute, second void 40.5 32.9 20.3 13.0 46.5
S- Immunoglobulin A 5.4 35.9 2.7 9.1 13.5
S- Immunoglobulin G 4.5 16.5 2.3 4.3 8.0
S- Immunoglobulin M 5.9 47.3 3.0 11.9 16.8
S- Immunoglobulins κ chains 4.8 15.3 2.4 4.0 8.0
S- Immunoglobulins λ chains 4.8 18.0 2.4 4.7 8.6
S- Inhibin B 10.0 25.0 5 6.73 14.98
S- Insulin 21.1 58.3 10.6 15.5 32.9
S- Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) 14.6 45.4 7.3 11.9 24.0
S- Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) 10.1 63.9 5.1 16.2 24.5
S- Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) 1.9 21.0 1.0 5.3 6.8
(B)Leuc- Interferon receptor 14.0 20.0 7.0 6.1 17.7
S- Interleukin 1-β 30.0 36.0 15.0 11.7 36.5
S- Interleukin-8 24.0 31.0 12.0 9.8 29.6
S- Iron 26.5 23.2 13.3 8.8 30.7
P- Isoleucine 15.5 45.5 7.8 12.0 24.8
S- Kallicrein 6 11.80 27.6 5.9 7.5 17.24
B- Lactate 27.2 16.7 13.6 8.0 30.4
S- Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 8.6 14.7 4.3 4.3 11.4
S- Lactate dehydrogenase 1 isoform (LDH1) 2.3 8.3 1.2 2.2 4.1
S- Lactate dehydrogenase 2 isoform (LDH2) 3.3 2.4 1.7 1.0 3.7
S- Lactate dehydrogenase 3 isoform (LDH3) 2.8 3.8 1.4 1.2 3.5
S- Lactate dehydrogenase 4 isoform (LDH4) 5.9 5.3 3.0 2.0 6.9
S- Lactate dehydrogenase 5 isoform (LDH5) 8.0 9.6 4.0 3.1 9.7
P- Lactoferrin 11.8 23.7 5.9 6.6 16.4
S- LDL Cholesterol 7.8 20.4 3.9 5.46 11.9
P- LDL Cholesterol (oxidized) 21.0 50.0 10.5 13.6 30.9
S- LDL Cholesterol, small dense 9.1 20.0 4.55 5.49 13.0
S- LDL receptor mRNA 21.5 13.6 10.8 6.4 24.1
P- Leucine 14.8 44.0 7.4 11.6 23.8
B- Leukocytes count 11.4 21.3 5.73 6.05 15.49
S- Lipase 32.2 31.8 16.1 11.31 37.88
S- Lipoprotein (a) 20.8 18.1 10.4 6.9 24.1
P- Lutein 13.0 21.0 6.5 6.2 16.9
S- Lutein 23.7 — 11.9 — —
S- Luteinizing hormone (LH) 23.0 27.4 11.5 8.94 27.92
P- Lycopene 22.0 33.0 11.0 9.9 28.1
S- Lycopene 40.1 33.0 20.1 13.0 —
B- Lymphocytes, count 10.2 35.3 5.1 9.19 17.6
B- Lymphocytes CD4 25.0 — 12.5 — —
P- Lysine 11.5 38.2 5.8 10.0 19.5
(B)Erythr- Magnesium 5.6 11.3 2.8 3.2 7.8
(B)Leuc- Magnesium 18.5 12.4 9.25 5.57 20.83
(B)Mon – Magnesium 18.1 20.3 9.1 6.8 21.7
S- Magnesium 3.6 6.4 1.8 1.8 4.8
U- Magnesium, ionized 1.9 5.1 1.0 1.4 2.9
U- Magnesium, output, 24h 38.3 37.6 19.2 13.4 45.0
(B)Erythr- Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) 1.4 5.2 0.7 1.35 2.5
(B)Erythr- Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 1.06 1.2 0.53 0.4 1.27
(B)Erythr- Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 1.4 4.85 0.7 1.26 2.42
(B)Plat- Mean platelet volume (MPV) 4.3 8.1 2.15 2.29 5.84
P- Metionine 14.7 43.4 7.4 11.5 23.6
B- Monocytes, count 17.8 49.8 8.9 13.2 27.9
S- Myeloperoxidase 36.0 30.0 18.0 11.7 41.4
S- Myoglobin 13.9 29.6 7.0 8.2 19.6
U- N-Acetyl Glucosaminidase, concentration, first morning 52.9 22.0 26.5 14.3 58.0
U- N-Acetyl Glucosaminidase/Creatinine 51.1 21.8 25.6 13.9 56.0
B- Neutrophyles, count 17.1 32.8 8.55 9.25 23.35
U- Nitrogen, output 13.9 24.2 7.0 7.0 18.4
B(Plat)- Norepinephrine 9.5 — 4.8 — —
P- Norepinephrine 19.5 — 9.8 — —
U- N-Telopeptide type I collagen 15.5 37.6 7.75 10.17 22.95
S- N-terminal (NT)-proBNP 10.0 16.0 5.0 4.7 13.0
P- Ornithine 18.4 54.9 9.2 14.5 29.7
P- Osmolality 1.3 1.5 0.7 0.5 1.6
Saliva- Osmolality 9.5 35.8 4.8 9.3 17.1
S- Osmolality 1.3 1.2 0.7 0.4 1.5
U- Osmolality, first morning 28.3 57.9 14.2 16.1 39.5
S- Osteocalcin 6.35 30.9 3.18 7.89 13.13
U- Oxalate, concentration, 24h 44.0 18.0 22.0 11.9 48.2
U- Oxalate, output, 24h 42.5 19.9 21.3 11.7 46.8
B- pCO2 4.8 5.3 2.4 1.8 5.7
B- pH [H+] 3.5 2.0 1.8 1.0 3.9
B- pH (pH units) 0.2 — 0.1 — —
S- Paraoxonase 1 13.4 84.0 6.7 21.3 32.3
S- Paraoxonase 1 substrate inhibition (PON 4SI) 3.9 80.1 1.9 20.0 23.2
S- Paraoxonase, activity (salt stimulated) 8.0 86.4 4.0 21.7 28.3
P- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) 25.3 43.4 12.65 12.56 33.43
S- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) 25.9 23.8 13.0 8.8 30.2
S- Phenylacetate 6.6 25.2 3.3 6.5 12.0
P- Phenylalanine 9.5 40.6 4.8 10.4 18.3
S- Phosphate 8.15 10.8 4.08 3.38 10.11
U- Phosphate, output, 24h 18.0 22.6 9.0 7.2 22.1
Patient- Phosphate tubular reabsorption 2.7 3.3 1.4 1.1 3.3
S- Phospholipids 6.5 11.1 3.3 3.2 8.6
P- Plasminogen 7.7 — 3.9 — —
B- Platelets, count 9.1 21.9 4.6 5.9 13.4
B- Platelet distribution wide 2.8 — 1.4 — —
B- Plateletcrit 11.9 — 6.0 — —
U- Porphobilinogen 17.0 31.0 8.5 8.8 22.9
U- Porphyrins (total) 40.0 — 20.0 — —
(B)Leuc- Potassium 13.6 13.4 6.8 4.8 16.0
S- Potassium 4.6 5.6 2.3 1.81 5.61
U- Potassium, output 24.4 22.2 12.2 8.2 28.4
S- Prealbumin 10.9 19.1 5.5 5.5 14.5
S- Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) 12.6 14.0 6.3 4.71 15.1
P- Prolactin 39.2 65.1 19.6 19.0 51.34
S- Prolactin 23.0 35.0 11.5 10.5 29.4
P- Proline 17.0 104.4 8.5 26.4 40.5
P- Prolyl endopeptidase 16.8 13.9 8.4 5.5 19.3
S- Properdin factor B 9.5 11.2 4.7 3.7 11.5
S- Prostatic specific antigen (PSA) 18.1 72.4 9.1 18.7 33.6
S- Protein 2.75 4.7 1.38 1.36 3.63
S- Protein, glycated 0.9 11.6 0.5 2.9 3.7
U- Protein, output, 24h 35.5 23.7 17.8 10.7 40.0
P- Prothrombin time 4.0 6.8 2.0 2.0 5.3
U- Pyridinoline 19.4 23.6 9.7 7.6 23.6
B- Pyruvate 15.2 13.0 7.6 5.0 17.5
S- Receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) 14.6 56.5 7.3 14.59 26.63
B- Red cell distribution wide (RDW) 3.5 5.7 1.8 1.7 4.6
B- Reticulocyte highly fluorescent, count 10.0 62.0 5.0 15.7 24.0
B- Reticulocyte low fluorescent, count 1.6 4.9 0.8 1.3 2.6
B- Reticulocyte medium fluorescent, count 13.0 33.0 6.5 8.9 19.6
B- Reticulocyte, count 11.0 29.0 5.5 7.8 16.8
P- Retinol 6.2 21.0 3.1 5.5 10.6
S- Retinol 13.6 19.0 6.8 5.8 17.1
S- Rheumatoid factor 8.5 24.5 4.3 6.5 13.5
S- SCC antigen 39.4 35.7 19.7 13.3 45.8
P- S Protein 5.8 63.4 2.9 15.9 20.7
P- Selenium 12.0 14.0 6.0 4.6 14.5
B- Selenium 12.0 12.0 6.0 4.2 14.1
P- Serine 12.8 42.8 6.4 11.2 21.7
S- Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) 13.05 36.35 6.53 9.66 20.42
(B)Erythr- Sodium 1.8 12.4 0.9 3.1 4.6
(B)Leuc- Sodium 51.0 36.4 25.5 15.7 57.7
S- Sodium 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.23 0.73
B- Sodium Bicarbonate 4.0 4.8 2.0 1.6 4.9
S- Sodium Bicarbonate 4.8 4.7 2.4 1.7 5.6
Sweat- Sodium Chloride 15.0 25.0 7.5 7.3 19.7
U- Sodium, output, 24 h. 28.7 16.7 14.4 8.3 32.0
P- Soluble CD163 9.0 35.9 4.5 9.3 16.7
U- Specific gravity 0.4 1.0 0.2 0.27 0.60
Semen- Spermatozoa, concentration 26.8 56.4 13.4 15.6 37.7
Semen- Spermatozoa, morphology 19.6 44.0 9.8 12.0 28.2
Semen- Spermatozoa, progressive motility 15.2 32.8 7.6 9.0 21.6
Semen- Spermatozoa, fast progressive motility 18.8 51.8 9.4 13.8 29.3
Semen- Spermatozoa, total motility 18.4 29.8 9.2 8.8 23.9
Semen- Spermatozoa, vitality 10.3 25.8 5.2 6.9 15.4
S- Superoxide dismutase 17.1 10.5 8.6 5.0 19.1
(B)Erythr- Superoxide dismutase 12.3 4.9 6.2 3.3 13.5
P- Taurine 30.6 44.0 15.3 13.4 38.6
P- Testosterone 12.6 40.80 6.3 10.68 21.07
S- Testosterone 9.25 22.05 4.63 5.98 13.61
Saliva- Testosterone 17.3 28.8 8.7 8.4 22.7
U- Testosterone 25.0 — 12.5 — —
S- Testosterone, free 9.3 — 4.7 — —
U- Testosterone, free 51.7 — 25.9 — —
S- Thyroglobulin 14.0 39.0 7.0 10.4 21.9
S- Thyroglobulin antibody 8.5 82.0 4.3 20.6 27.6
S- Thyroid peroxidase antibody 11.3 147.0 5.7 36.9 46.2
P- Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 29.30 48.4 14.65 14.14 38.2
S- Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 19.3 24.6 9.7 7.8 23.7
S- Thyrotropin receptor antibody 4.8 — 2.4 — —
S- Thyroxine (T4) 4.9 10.9 2.5 3.0 7.0
P- Thyroxine, free (FT4) 7.1 9.1 3.55 2.89 8.74
S- Thyroxine, free (FT4) 5.7 12.1 2.9 3.3 8.0
S- Thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) 0.09 0.06 0.0 0.0 0.1
P- Tirosine 10.5 61.0 5.3 15.5 24.1
S- Tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) 31.1 63.7 15.6 17.7 43.4
S- Tissue polypeptide specific antigen (TPS) 36.1 108.0 18.1 28.5 58.3
U- Total catecolamines, concentration, 24h 24.0 32.0 12.0 10.0 29.8
S- Transferrin 3.0 4.3 1.5 1.3 3.8
P- Treonine 17.9 33.1 9.0 9.4 24.2
S- Triglyceride 19.9 32.7 9.95 9.57 25.99
P- Triiodothyronine (T3) 9.4 18.5 4.7 5.19 12.94
S- Triiodothyronine (T3) 6.9 12.3 3.45 3.53 9.22
S- Triiodothyronine, free (FT3) 7.9 17.6 4.0 4.8 11.3
P- Troponin I 37.1 179.2 18.55 45.75 76.36
S- Troponin I 14.05 63.75 7.03 16.32 27.91
S- Troponin T 30.5 90.0 15.3 23.7 48.9
P- Tryptophan 22.7 152.6 11.4 38.6 57.3
S- Tumor Necrosis Factor-a (TNF-a) 43.0 29.0 21.5 13.0 48.4
S- Urate 8.6 17.5 4.3 4.87 11.97
U- Urate, output, 24h 16.8 14.4 8.4 5.53 19.39
S- Urea 12.1 18.7 6.05 5.57 15.55
U- Urea, output, 24h 17.4 25.4 8.7 7.7 22.1
P- Valine 10.6 40.1 5.3 10.4 19.1
U- Vanilmandelic Acid concentration, 24h 22.2 47.0 11.1 13.0 31.3
S- Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) 5.2 16.0 2.6 4.2 8.5
P- Vascular endotelial growth factor 14.1 18.1 7.1 5.7 17.4
B- Vascular endotelial growth factor 14.3 28.8 7.2 8.0 19.8
S- Vascular endotelial growth factor 10.7 47.6 5.4 12.2 21.0
P- Vitamin B1 4.8 12.0 2.4 3.2 7.2
B- Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) 5.8 10.0 2.9 2.9 7.7
(B)Eryth- Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) 6.4 11.0 3.2 3.2 8.5
(B)Eryth- Vitamin B2 status (gluthation reductase activation) 5.2 40.0 2.6 10.1 14.4
(B)Eryth- Vitamin B12 15.0 69.0 7.5 17.7 30.0
(B)Eryth- Vitamin B6 14.0 24.0 7.0 6.9 18.5
B- Vitamin B6 20.0 34.0 10.0 9.9 26.4
(B)Eryth- Vitamin E (Tocopherol) 7.6 21.0 3.8 5.6 11.9
(B)Eryth- Vitamin K (Phylloquinone) 38.0 44.0 19.0 14.5 45.9
S- VLDL Cholesterol 27.6 — 13.8 — —
P- Von Willebrand factor 2.5 27.3 1.3 6.9 8.9
S- Water 3.1 0.1 1.6 0.8 3.3
S- Zeaxanthine 34.7 — 17.4 — —
S- Zinc 9.3 9.4 4.7 3.3 11.0
P- Zinc 11.0 14.0 5.5 4.5 13.5

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