Tam metin için tıklayınız

The renal system consists of the kidney, ureters, and the urethra. The overall function of the system filters approximately 200 liters of fluid a day from renal blood flow which allows for toxins, metabolic waste products, and excess ion to be excreted while keeping essential substances in the blood. The kidney regulates plasma osmolarity by modulating the amount of water, solutes, and electrolytes in the blood. It ensures long term acid-base balance and also produces erythropoietin which stimulates the production of red blood cell. It also produces renin for blood pressure regulation and carries out the conversion of vitamin D to its active form. The renal development, the process of urine production and excretion, and the clinical significance of the renal system will be the focus of this article.

EJIFCC. 2019 Mar 1;30(1):59–66.

Meeting Report on the IX European Symposium on Clinical Laboratory and In Vitro Diagnostics Industry (Barcelona)
The IX European Symposium of the Clinical Laboratory and In Vitro Diagnostics Industry, entitled “Stat Tests in Clinical laboratory”, took place in Barcelona, Catalonia (Spain), between May 17–18, 2017.

The scientific program was structured in several round-tables that dealt with the following topics: emergency laboratory models, accreditation of stat tests by ISO 15189, critical issues of stat tests and the new proposals of the in vitro diagnostics industry for emergency laboratories. The aim of the Symposium was the discussion of the transformation that stat tests have generated on clinical laboratories in terms of organization, turnaround time, accreditation, and probable evolution of these laboratories coming years.

Clin Kidney J. 2023 Jan 24;16(6):952–964

Hypertension is one of the major health problems leading to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Despite a rapid expansion in global hypertension prevalence, molecular mechanisms leading to hypertension are not fully understood largely due to the complexity of pathogenesis involving several factors. Salt intake is recognized as a leading determinant of blood pressure, since reduced dietary salt intake is related to lower morbidity and mortality, and hypertension in relation to cardiovascular events. Compared with salt-resistant populations, salt-sensitive individuals exhibit high sensitivity in blood pressure responses according to changes in salt intake. In this setting, the kidney plays a major role in the maintenance of blood pressure under the hormonal control of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. In the present review, we summarize the current overview on the molecular mechanisms for modulation of blood pressure associated with renal ion channels/transporters including sodium–hydrogen exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3), Na+-K+-2Cl– cotransporter (NKCC2), sodium–chloride cotransporter (NCC), epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and pendrin expressed in different nephron segments. In particular, recent studies on experimental animal models with deletion of renal ion channels led to the identification of several crucial physiological mechanisms and molecules involved in hypertension. These findings could further provide a potential for novel therapeutic approaches applicable on human patients with hypertension.

Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015 Jan 28;10(2):305–324.

Intercalated cells are kidney tubule epithelial cells with important roles in the regulation of acid-base homeostasis. However, in recent years the understanding of the function of the intercalated cell has become greatly enhanced and has shaped a new model for how the distal segments of the kidney tubule integrate salt and water reabsorption, potassium homeostasis, and acid-base status. These cells appear in the late distal convoluted tubule or in the connecting segment, depending on the species. They are most abundant in the collecting duct, where they can be detected all the way from the cortex to the initial part of the inner medulla. Intercalated cells are interspersed among the more numerous segment-specific principal cells. There are three types of intercalated cells, each having distinct structures and expressing different ensembles of transport proteins that translate into very different functions in the processing of the urine. This review includes recent findings on how intercalated cells regulate their intracellular milieu and contribute to acid-base regulation and sodium, chloride, and potassium homeostasis, thus highlighting their potential role as targets for the treatment of hypertension. Their novel regulation by paracrine signals in the collecting duct is also discussed. Finally, this article addresses their role as part of the innate immune system of the kidney tubule.

The adult bone is continuously being remodelled to repair microdamage, preserve bone strength and mechanical competence as well as maintain calcium homeostasis. Bone turnover markers are products of osteoblasts (bone formation markers) and osteoclasts (bone resorption markers) providing a dynamic assessment of remodelling (turnover). Resorption-specific bone turnover markers are typically degradation products of bone collagen molecules (N- [NTX] and C-telopeptide cross-linked type 1 collagen [CTX]), which are released into the circulation and excreted in urine; or enzymatic activities reflecting osteoclastic resorption, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase [TRACP]. Formation-specific bone turnover markers embrace different osteoblastic activities: type 1 collagen synthesis (Procollagen type I N- propeptide [PINP]), osteoblast enzymes (bone-specific alkaline phosphatase [BALP]), or bone matrix proteins [osteocalcin]. Among individuals not receiving osteoporosis treatment, resorption and formation markers are tightly linked and highly correlated (r = 0.6–0.8). Significant biological variability was reported in the past, but these issues have been greatly improved with automated assays and attention to pre-analytical and analytical factors that are known to influence bone turnover marker levels. Bone turnover markers are not useful in the diagnosis of osteoporosis, the individual prediction of bone loss, fracture, or rare complications, or in the selection of pharmacological treatment. Despite remaining issues with reference intervals and assays harmonization, bone turnover markers have proven to be useful in elucidating the pharmacodynamics and effectiveness of osteoporosis medications in clinical trials. As an alternative to BMD testing, BTMs may be useful to monitor osteoporosis therapies.

Angelo D’Alessandro, Alkmini T. Anastasiadi, Vassilis L. Tzounakas, Travis Nemkov, Julie A. Reisz, Anastsios G. Kriebardis, James C. Zimring, Steven L. Spitalnik and Michael P. Busch

Metabolites 2023, 13(7), 793 Full text için tıklayınız

Red blood cells (RBC) are the most abundant cell in the human body, with a central role in oxygen transport and its delivery to tissues. However, omics technologies recently revealed the unanticipated complexity of the RBC proteome and metabolome, paving the way for a reinterpretation of the mechanisms by which RBC metabolism regulates systems biology beyond oxygen transport. The new data and analytical tools also informed the dissection of the changes that RBCs undergo during refrigerated storage under blood bank conditions, a logistic necessity that makes >100 million units available for life-saving transfusions every year worldwide. In this narrative review, we summarize the last decade of advances in the field of RBC metabolism in vivo and in the blood bank in vitro, a narrative largely influenced by the authors’ own journeys in this field. We hope that this review will stimulate further research in this interesting and medically important area or, at least, serve as a testament to our fascination with this simple, yet complex, cell.

nherited disorders of hyperbilirubinemia may be caused by increased bilirubin production or decreased bilirubin clearance. Reduced hepatic bilirubin clearance can be due to defective (i) unconjugated bilirubin uptake and intrahepatic storage, (ii) conjugation of glucuronic acid to bilirubin (e.g., Gilbert syndrome, Crigler–Najjar syndrome, Lucey–Driscoll syndrome, breast milk jaundice), (iii) bilirubin excretion into bile (Dubin–Johnson syndrome), or (iv) conjugated bilirubin re-uptake (Rotor syndrome). In this review, the molecular mechanisms and clinical manifestations of these conditions are described, as well as current approaches to diagnosis and therapy.

Tam metin için tıklayınız

“Canlı organizmalar, cansız moleküllerden oluşmuşlardır. Bu moleküllerin, cansız maddelerin uymak zorunda oldukları tüm fiziksel ve kimyasal kurallara uydukları görülür. Ancak yaşayan organizmalar, cansız madde topluluklarının sahip olmadıkları üstün özelliklere sahiptir. İşte bu özellikleri incelemek ve nedenlerini araştırmak biyokimya ilminin konusudur. Biyokimyager ise, canlıların kimyasal yapı ve davranışlarını, kimyasal, fiziksel ve biyolojik yöntemler kullanarak araştıran bir bilim adamıdır.”

Full text access

Contents
Pages vii-xi

Forthcoming Issues
Page xii

2020: A Year for Clinical Microbiology
Nicole D. Pecora, Matthew A. Pettengill
Pages xiii-xiv

Modern Blood Culture: Management Decisions and Method Options
Mark D. Gonzalez, Timothy Chao, Matthew A. Pettengill
Pages 379-392

Panels and Syndromic Testing in Clinical Microbiology
Jennifer Dien Bard, Erin McElvania
Pages 393-420

Practical Aspects and Considerations When Planning a New Clinical Microbiology Laboratory
Dwight J. Hardy
Pages 421-431

Update on Susceptibility Testing: Genotypic and Phenotypic Methods
Romney M. Humphries
Pages 433-446

Clinical Pathogen Genomics
Andrew Cameron, Jessica L. Bohrhunter, Samantha Taffner, Adel Malek, Nicole D. Pecora
Pages 447-458

Coronavirus Detection in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory: Are We Ready for Identifying and Diagnosing a Novel Virus?
Katharine Uhteg, Karen C. Carroll, Heba H. Mostafa
Pages 459-472

Update on Biosafety and Emerging Infections for the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory
Michael A. Pentella
Pages 473-482

Point-of-Care Testing in Microbiology
Linoj Samuel
Pages 483-494

Update in Pediatric Diagnostic Microbiology
James J. Dunn, Paula A. Revell
Pages 495-508

Antimicrobial Stewardship: What the Clinical Laboratory Needs to Know
Diana Alame, Bryan Hess, Claudine El-Beyrouty
Pages 509-520

Fellowship Training for the Future Clinical Microbiology Laboratory Director
Bobbi S. Pritt, Carrie A. Bowler, Elitza S. Theel
Pages 521-533

Novel Assays/Applications for Patients Suspected of Mycobacterial Diseases
Niaz Banaei, Kimberlee A. Musser, Max Salfinger, Akos Somoskovi, Adrian M. Zelazny
Pages 535-552

Food Safety Genomics and Connections to One Health and the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory
Marc W. Allard, Jie Zheng, Guojie Cao, Ruth Timme, … Eric W. Brown

Update in Infectious Disease Diagnosis in Anatomic Pathology
Alvaro C. Laga
Pages 565-585

Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine Challenges During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Andy Ngo, Debra Masel, Christine Cahill, Neil Blumberg, Majed A. Refaai
Pages 587-601

Measuring the Serologic Response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: Methods and Meaning
Nicole D. Pecora, Martin S. Zand
Pages 603-614

Full text access

Contents
Pages vii-x

Forthcoming Issues
Page xi

A Tale of Trial and Triumph: Molecular Diagnostics for Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus 2 Over the First Two Years of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic
Sanjat Kanjilal, Yi-Wei Tang
Pages xiii-xv

Analytic and Clinical Performance of Major Commercial Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Molecular Assays in the United States
Michelle R. Campbell, Matthew J. Binnicker
Pages 129-145

The Successes and Challenges of SARS-CoV-2 Molecular Testing in the United States
Jennifer Dien Bard, N. Esther Babady
Pages 147-160

An Overview of SARS-CoV-2 Molecular Diagnostics in Europe
Emma Davies, Hamzah Z. Farooq, Benjamin Brown, Peter Tilston, … Malcolm Guiver
Pages 161-191

SARS-CoV-2 Molecular Diagnostics in China
Yanjun Lu, Ziyong Sun
Pages 193-201

Rapid Antigen Assays for SARS-CoV-2: Promise and Peril
Thao T. Truong, Jennifer Dien Bard, Susan M. Butler-Wu
Pages 203-222

Clinical Diagnostic Point-of-Care Molecular Assays for SARS-CoV-2
Nicole V. Tolan, Gary L. Horowitz
Pages 223-236

Cycle Threshold Values from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays: Interpretation and Potential Use Cases
Alexander J. McAdam
Pages 237-248

Performance of Non-nasopharyngeal Sample Types for Molecular Detection of SARS-CoV-2
Benjamin Kukull, Salika M. Shakir, Kimberly E. Hanson
Pages 249-259

Strategies for Scaling up SARS-CoV-2 Molecular Testing Capacity
Sanchita Das, Karen M. Frank
Pages 261-282

Approaches to Deployment of Molecular Testing for SARS-CoV-2 in Resource-Limited Settings
Gama Bandawe, Moses Chitenje, Joseph Bitiliyu-Bangoh, Elizabeth Kampira
Pages 283-298

Novel Assays for Molecular Detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
Kyle G. Rodino, Kenneth P. Smith, Matthew A. Pettengill
Pages 299-307

Tam metin için tıklayınız

Türk Biyokimya Derneği (TBD) Akademi olarak, yukarıda verilen bilgilerin ışığında ve devam eden tartışmaları dışlamadan, tüm meslektaşlarımızın ve eğiticilerin YZ okuryazarı olmalarını ve alanla ilgili bazı yetkinlikleri kazanmalarını önemsiyoruz. Bu belge de, eğiticilere bu yeni mecra konusunda farkındalık sağlamak ve YZ araçlarının eğitim ve öğrenmeyi iyileştirmek amacıyla nasıl kullanılabileceği konusunda temel bazı örnekler sunmak için hazırlanmış r. Bununla birlikte çok hızlı gelişen bir alan olması nedeniyle, tüm eği cilerin güncellemeleri ve alanla ilgili değişimleri yakından takip etmelerini de öneriyoruz. Bu belgenin en yaygın kullanılan üretici YZ araçlarının başında gelen ChatGPT’nin son ücretsiz sürümü olan GPT-3.5’i temel aldığı göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. Ana amaçlarımızdan biri de 2023-2024 akademik yılı başında bu konuya dikkat çekmek ve eği cilere ders yılı başında ve sonrasında uygulayabilecekleri bazı önerilerde bulunarak bir yol haritası sunmaktır.