•Bacterial Conjugation

•Bacterial Spore Formation

•Bacterial Transformation

•Enveloped Animal Viruses

•Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes

•Food Pathogens

•Food Spoilage

•Hershey and Chase Experiment

•HIV Replication

•HIV Treatment

•Lambda Phage replication Cycle

•Malaria

•Prion

•Mechansim for Releasing Enveloped Virions

•Replication Cycle of a Retrovirus

•Specialized Transduction by Temperate Phage

•Transduction Generalized

Flash animation showing a bacterium producing an enzyme capable of destroying the antibiotic.
Flash animation showing a bacterium producing an altered ribosomal subunit to which the antibiotic no longer binds.
Flash animation showing a bacterium producing an altered enzyme to which the antibiotic no longer binds.
Flash animation showing a bacterium producing altered porins to block transport of the drug across the outer membrane.
Flash animation showing a bacterium producing an altered carrier protein to block transport of the drug across the cytoplasmic membrane.
Flash animation showing a bacterium producing new transporter protein able to pump the drug out of the bacterium.
Flash animation showing competitive antagonism.
Flash animation showing a bacterium producing more of a limited enzyme so competitive antagonism favors the bacterium.
GIF animation showing antisense RNA.
GIF animation illustrating R plasmid conjugation.

GIF animation showing the synthesis of peptidoglycan.
GIF animation illustrating how penicillins inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis.
GIF animation illustrating how vancomycin inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis.
Flash animation of a normal bacterial enzyme reaction.
Flash animation illustrating how antimicrobial agents may inactivate a bacterial enzyme.
Flash animation illustrating the early stages of translation during bacterial protein synthesis.
Flash animation illustrating aminoglycosides preventing the translocation of tRNA from the A-site to the P-site of bacterial ribosomes.
Flash animation illustrating aminoglycosides causing a misreading of codons.
Flash animation illustrating how tetracyclines bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit and block translation.
Flash animation illustrating how macrolides bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit and block translation by blocking peptidyltransferase.
Flash animation illustrating how macrolides bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit and block translation by preventing the transfer of the peptidyl tRNA from the A-site to the P-site.
Flash animation illustrating how oxazolidinones block the binding of the 50S ribosomal subunit to the initiation complex.

Flash animation showing a motile bacterium contacting a host cell by swimming through the mucus.
Flash animation showing spirochetes using motility to enter and exit blood vessels.
GIF animation showing induction of stomach ulcers by Helicobacter pylori.
Flash animation showing a bacterium using both pili and adhesins to adhere to a host cell.
GIF animation showing bacteria lacking pili being flushed out of the urethra.
GIF animation showing how bacteria with pili may resist being flushed out of the urethra.
Flash animation showing bacteria using invasions to enter a hoist cell
Gif animation of Shigella invading an intestinal mucosal epithelial cell.
Flash animation illustrating the function of endocytic pattern-recognition receptors on phagocytes.
Flash animation summarizing phagocytosis through unenhanced attachment.
Flash animation illustrating the function of enhanced attachment by way of IgG.
Flash animation summarizing phagocytosis through enhanced attachment.
Flash animation illustrating how capsules can block unenhanced attachment of pathogen-associated molecular patterns to endocytic pattern-recognition receptors on phagocytes.
Flash animation showing phagocytosis of an encapsulated bacterium through opsonization.
Flash animation showing an encapsulated bacterium resisting phagocytosis by blocking C3b.
GIF animation showing bacteria depolymerizing actin in order to resist phagocytosis.
GIF animation showing a bacterium resisting phagocytosis by escaping from a phagosome.
GIF animation showing a bacterium resisting phagocytosis by blocking the fusion of a lysosome and a phagosome.
Flash animation of a capillary prior to vasodilation.
Flash animation of vasodilation.
Flash animation showing toll-like receptors responding to lipoteichoic acid(LTA) from the gram-positive cell wall and signaling the synthesis inflammatory cytokines.
Flash animation showing toll-like receptors responding to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the gram-negative cell wall and signaling the synthesis inflammatory cytokines.
Flash animation showing binding of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and chemokines to neutrophils triggering extracellular killing.
Flash animation showing binding of teichoic acids (TA) and chemokines to neutrophils triggering extracellular killing.
GIF animation of an A-B toxin binding to and penetrating a susceptible host cell.
Flash animation showing neutralization of an exotoxin by antibodies.